Which of the following is a risk factor for placental abruption?

Maternal hypertension or trauma is a well-established risk factor for placental abruption. This condition occurs when the placenta detaches from the uterine wall before delivery, which can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the fetus. Elevated blood pressure, whether chronic or gestational, can compromise the blood flow to the placenta, making it more vulnerable to separation. Additionally, trauma resulting from things like falls, accidents, or domestic violence can increase the likelihood of placental abruption as it may directly impact the abdomen or cause significant stress to the maternal body.

In contrast, low body mass index, alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and advanced maternal age are associated with various pregnancy-related complications but are not specifically linked to an increased risk of placental abruption in the same direct manner as hypertension or trauma. For instance, while alcohol use can have detrimental effects on fetal development and low body mass index can impact overall maternal health during pregnancy, they do not create the same physical conditions in the uterus that would predispose a woman to placental abruption. Advanced maternal age does carry risks for different pregnancy complications, but it is not a primary risk factor for abruption itself.