What fetal condition is most commonly associated with maternal diabetes?

The correct answer is macrosomia, which refers to a condition where the fetus grows excessively large, typically defined as a birth weight greater than 4,000 grams (approximately 8 pounds 13 ounces). This condition is commonly associated with maternal diabetes, particularly gestational diabetes and pre-existing type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

The reason behind this association lies in the elevated levels of glucose in the maternal bloodstream, which results from poor glycemic control. The excess glucose crosses the placenta and stimulates increased insulin production in the fetal pancreas, leading to accelerated fetal growth and fat deposition. Consequently, babies born to mothers with poorly controlled diabetes are at a higher risk of being larger than average at birth, which can complicate delivery and lead to potential birth injuries or the need for cesarean section.

Understanding the link between maternal diabetes and macrosomia is crucial for proper prenatal care and management, as it can help healthcare providers identify at-risk pregnancies and implement interventions to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes.